A framework for the evidence synthesis of TCIM systems, incorporating context and complexity

Evidence synthesis for whole medical systems is a challenge. A framework has been developed that highlights the importance of complexity, context and patient perspectives as they are appropriate for many systems of traditional, complementary and integrative medicine (TCIM). The consequences of these principles for the approach to evidence synthesis are examined and illustrated using an ongoing systematic review programme on the effects and effectiveness of homeopathy. A complex systems perspective on evidence synthesis requires consideration of a wide range of evidence sources as well as an assessment of the correspondence between the study design and the ‘state of the art’ practice of the whole medical system (‘model validity’). Evidence synthesis can be based on established standards (Cochrane, GRADE, etc.), but in order to make well-founded decisions it is essential that these results are subsequently embedded in the broader context of the current state of knowledge. The evidence synthesis of TCIM systems can go beyond conventional approaches by placing evidence in its complexity and context together with data from practice and patient perspectives.

A contribution by Dr. Robbert van Haselen to the Medical Section’s research conference ‘Holistic Medical Systems in Research’ in February 2026.

English | Translation · DE
Publication: 9 October 2026